Why Grace Jones is pop's greatest pioneer, a newly updated 1997 biography by Jackie Kay. Read about our approach to external linking. As part of these aspirations, Johnson, who had taught poor Mexican-American children while a student in college, created Head Start in 1965, seeking to disrupt the multi-generational cycle of poverty through early education programs for disadvantaged preschool children. After decades of congressional budget hearings where Big Bird was cited as the paragon of the virtuous entertainment that only taxpayer-supported public television could provide, the Sesame Workshop moved the show to HBO in 2015. In her dissertation, Long stressed, The most important thing about Roosevelt is that he always knows the correct answer, whether he talks in standard or nonstandard English. African-American CTW executives and others Cooney describes as upper-middle class blacks put up the strongest objections, and Roosevelt Franklin was cut from the show. Urban listeners, meanwhile, were abandoning blues for the faster, more sophisticated sound of swing, represented in Ma Rainey's Black Bottom by Chadwick Boseman's young, impatient Levee. After working briefly as a hotel porter, Evans proceeded to Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee, where he paid his way through school working as a groundskeeper. Scrounging timber from the surrounding woods, he built his own desks, benches and a schoolhouse which at least did not lack for ventilation, for a bird could fly through anywhere. Evans joined the first Fisk Jubilee Singers in 1872 and he proudly participated in the first tour that took them to eight states and Great Britain. 7 Who played Frank Lucas mother in American Gangster? Public domain image, Courtesy Fisk University Special Collections, African American History: Research Guides & Websites, Global African History: Research Guides & Websites, African American Scientists and Technicians of the Manhattan Project, Envoys, Diplomatic Ministers, & Ambassadors, Education - Historically Black Colleges (HBCU), Racial Conflict - Segregation/Integration, Foundation, Organization, and Corporate Supporters. In an interview for journalist Michael Davis definitive book on the history of the show, Street Gang, Stone said, For a preschool child in Harlem, the street is where the action isOur set had to be an inner-city street, and more particularly it had to be a brownstone so the cast and kids could stoop in the age-old New York tradition. Musician Theodore DeReese Pendergrass, known popularly as Teddy Pendergrass, was born on March 26, 1950, to Ida Geraldine (Epps) and Jesse Pendergrass in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Making its debut in 1969, the beloved childrens television show was shaped by the African-American communities in Harlem and beyond, Forty years ago, upon the tenth anniversary of the debut of Sesame Street, the New York Times offered an appraisal of the revolutionary childrens television program, reminding readers that the show with universal appeal initially declared its target audience, the four-year old inner-city black youngster. This year, as the show commemorates its 50th anniversary and is broadcast in more than 150 countries, its worthwhile to take a look back at how since its inception, Sesame Street has been rooted in African-American culture, more specifically the historically black community of Harlem. Victoria Spivey appeared in King Vidor's 1929 movie Hallelujah, one of the first studio pictures to feature an entirely black cast. stuart raith.all 45s are from my personal collection.no copyright infringement intended. Travis Greene is not just an American gospel musician, hes and pastor. Its follow-up single, "The Whole Town's Laughing at Me", became a top 20 R&B hit. [13] In 1998, Pendergrass released his autobiography entitled Truly Blessed.[14]. At the same time, the classic blues singers were too working-class and sexually frank for some of the urban middle classes. Cast (in credits order) verified as complete. was paul baptized by immersion; i saw the devil online; is lachlan sholl indigenous; portobello villamartin menu The history of the blues is dominated by men. Some scholars and folklorists like Zora Neale Hurston saw these popular recordings as a spiritual corruption of the blues (Credit: Getty Images). A small donation would help us keep this available to all. In Greene's words, they had a "snitch" in the office, leaking information to his political opponent who . Bessie Smith by Jackie Kay is published on 18 February. mark spaeth a developer and city councilman in austin tex; emi latin records net worth; gadget and the gadgetinis; bank of america editable bank statement Theodore Phinney Greene (July 4, 1809 - August 30, 1887), was a rear admiral - Cached . [22] A formal wedding was celebrated at The Ocean Cliff Resort in Newport, Rhode Island, on September 6, 2008. Last year saw the singer releasing her debut EP I Am Zuchu and she also signed to Diamond Platnumz' record label WCB Wasafi. His father left the family when Pendergrass was young and was killed in 1962. By the 1960s, when Lucas was ready to make his move, he picked out a fearsome street guy named Tango. Pendergrass sings much of the song in a raspy baritone voice[5] that would become his trademark. That album was even more successful with its singles "Only You" and the classic million selling number 1 R&B hit "Close the Door". We use cookies. Inventor Greene set up a scholarship program in memory of his wife Phyllis Greene's contribution to the activities of the NAACP. A bald, thin James Earl Jones, just off his Tony-Award-winning performance on Broadway in The Great White Hope, taped a segment for the Sesame Street pilot, where he slowly and authoritatively recited the alphabet. Greene was interested in building and empowering African-American . Ironically, the records that the Blues Mafia dedicated themselves to rescuing from obscurity have become far more famous than the smash hits of the 1920s. For black, working-class women, the classic blues was an unprecedented new arena of self-expression which gave voice to overt sexuality, the peril of abusive men (like Bessie Smith's husband), and even queer perspectives. Sesame Street arose from the Lyndon B. Johnson administrations Great Society agenda, a series of federal programs that carried the ambitious goal of eliminating poverty and racial injustice. Who got shot at the end of American gangster? Nigerian Omah Lay (L) and South African Elaine (R) are set to make a bigger impression in 2021, Warning: Third party content may contain adverts, Gaz Mawete (Democratic Republic of Congo), Harry: I always felt different to rest of family, Inside the enclave surrounded by pro-Russia forces, US-made cheese can be called 'gruyere' - court, Why Alex Murdaugh was spared the death penalty, Why Trudeau is facing calls for a public inquiry, Canadian grandma helps police snag phone scammer. The rapper made his first appearance on the music scene in late 2017 with the single Kutama. He employs the call-and-response of a black preacher when teaching his apparently black peers, prompting one student, Hardhead Henry Harris, to declare after one lesson, My man, sure can teach!, Many viewers and African-Americans at CTW believed that the Muppet reinforced negative stereotypes of black children. when do cody and bailey get together again. I keep my heart on my sleeve on this paper it bleeds ink through this pen painting these stories of triumph, love, sorrow, and sin. Sonia Manzano, a Puerto Rican Bronx native who joined the show in 1971 as the character Maria, recalled that when she first saw the program on television as a college student, she said, Hey! Born in Kingstree South Carolina he was raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, he initially rose to musical fame as the lead singer of Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes. If you continue to use the site, we will assume that this suits you. Chester Pierce, an African-American psychiatrist and Harvard professor, helped design what he called the show's "hidden curriculum" to build up the self-worth of black children through the. The entrepreneurial songwriter Perry Bradford, a man so stubborn he was known as "Mule", knew better. On the heels of his worship-fueled 2017 release, Crossover: Live in Music City, Travis Greene returns with another collection of praise and worship anthems. She grew up in Chicago and was raised by her father, James A. Greene, a lawyer, and her mother, Vera Greene, a homemaker. When the show came to town, the local police showed up in riot gear. The song, one of Gamble and Huff's most creative productions, became a major rhythm and blues hit and put the Blue Notes on the map. 37 Related Articles [filter] Outa-Space. She fulfilled that promise, and Teddy met his father when he was 11 years old. He married Thelma Ella Pollock on 10 May 1934, in Pendleton, Umatilla, Oregon, United States. He turned instead to the flamboyant women who had honed their craft on the vaudeville and tent-show circuits, where the blues would be mixed up with comedy songs and dramatic routines professional entertainers who knew how to delight a crowd. He was about six five, 270 pounds, quick on his feet . The Greene family relocated to Grand Rapids, Michigan, in the late 1950s. Fik Fameica, also known as Fresh Boy, is one of the most interesting rappers coming out of East Africa right now. Teddy Earl Greene. ', "Teddy Pendergrass' all-star gala marks 25th anniversary of near-fatal car accident", "Teddy Pendergrass: sex, drugs and the tragic life of the 'Black Elvis, "Soul Singer Teddy Pendergrass Dies in Pa. at 59", "Teddy Pendergrass widow seeks to keep his legacy alive", "Teddy Pendergrass Doc to Premiere on Showtime This Month", "James Brown 'cape man' to be inducted into R&B Hall of Fame", American Music Award for Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teddy_Pendergrass&oldid=1142439083, Philadelphia International Records artists, 20th-century African-American male singers, 21st-century African-American male singers, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox musical artist with associated acts, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012, Articles with failed verification from March 2023, Articles with incomplete citations from March 2023, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 11:04. Our obituary archives include over 290 million newspaper obituaries and death records covering over 327 years from over 13,000 newspapers. ", But many scholars of African-American culture, black and white alike, were horrified by the rise of the Victrola record player and the music it played. By the time Pendergrass decided to return to the studio to work on new music he had struggled to find a recording deal. In 2006, Pendergrass announced his retirement from the music business. Her love of music takes her from East Harlem into the bohemian world of Greenwich Village and into the arms of African-American musician Teddy Greene. BlackPast.org is a 501(c)(3) non-profit and our EIN is 26-1625373. Fronting the group, which would make appearances throughout the first season, were three vocalists who would each achieve a measure of fame: Luther Vandross, who would go on to win eight Grammys; Robin Clark, who would sing with David Bowie and Simple Minds; and Fonzi Thornton, who would form Chic with Nile Rodgers (a later member of Sesame Streets touring band). Forego a bottle of soda and donate its cost to us for the information you just learned, and feel good about helping to make it available to everyone. As one 1926 study observed, "upwards of 75% of the songs are written from a woman's point of view. A January 1970 Ebony profile of Sesame Street included a photo of Cooney flanked by a team of African-American women, including the head of Seattle Head Start and the headmistress of a New York preschool. Billie Holiday (1915-1959) was an American jazz singer, songwriter, actress, and an icon in American culture. [8] Watson attested to the fact that Pendergrass was sober and uncomprehending as to why the brakes did not function. They divorced in 2002. Beverly Loraine Greene, believed to be the first African American woman architect in the United States, was born in Chicago, Illinois on October 4, 1915. Who gains most as Beyonc champions African stars? In late 2019 the Morgan assumed the cost of digitizing the four boxes of the Bernard and Mary Berenson Papers at I Tatti that contain the letters Greene wrote to Berenson. The video of the Say Cheese remix was directed by Rex. Born and raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, he initially rose to musical fame as the lead singer of Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes. Hits off Teddy included the classics "Come Go with Me", the erotic ballad "Turn Off the Lights",[7] and the uptempo album cut "Do Me". The car hit a guard rail, crossed onto the oncoming lane, and hit two trees. [7] However, during a performance, Pendergrass began singing along, and Melvin, impressed by his vocals, made him the lead singer. He killed two or three guys with his hands. The Congolese dancer, who became known at home after taking part in talent contests, has collaborated with music royalty, including Fally Ipupa, who appeared on C'est Rat. Greene lectured, curated many exhibits, and published widely on the work of Africa American artists. Gaz Mawete came onto the scene in 2018 with Olingi Nini, an easy, warm and melodic tune, and he rose to prominence in the world of Francophone music. Elaine captured fans with her authenticity and her 2019 song called You're the One. Pendergrass played drums for several local Philadelphia bands, eventually becoming the drummer of The Cadillacs (not the famed Harlem-based group of the same name). $24.99. Mamie Smith, pictured with her band the Jazz Hounds, was the first black singer to make a record (Credit: Getty Images). In 1980, the Isley Brothers released "Don't Say Goodnight (It's Time for Love)" to compete with Pendergrass's "Turn Off the Lights", which sensed Pendergrass's influence on the quiet storm format of black music. The Zimbabwean born singer's stirring voice comes on strong over Amapiano sounds, which she opts for and this sets her apart. Theodore DeReese "Teddy" Pendergrass (March 26, 1950 January 13, 2010) was an American singer. Greene Evans (1848-1914) Greene Evans, Fisk Jubilee Singer, Memphis City Councilman and Tennessee State Assemblyman, was born somewhere in Tennessee and emancipated after the Civil War. The murder remains unsolved, although Philadelphia's Black Mafia has been suspected, as they allegedly resented Lang's control over Pendergrass's lucrative career. Looking for the ideal American Singer Teddy Bears Gifts? Kelvin Harrison Jr. is an American actor, director, writer, musician, and voice actor who has been cast in movies like 12 Years a Slave, The Trial of the Chicago 7, The Flight of the Bumblebee, Gully, Assassination Nation, Bolden, The Photograph, Luce, Waves, It Comes at Night, The Birth of a Nation, JT LeRoy, The Wolf Hour, Monsters and Men, Dancer and the Dame, A Sort of The director of the group, John Work, carried out a deal with Victor Talking Machine Company in hopes of reaching a She was born Belle Marion Greener to African American parents Richard Theodore Greener and Genevieve Ida Fleet Greener, in Washington, D.C., on November 26, 1879. Pendergrass and LaBelle developed a close friendship that would last until Pendergrass's death. The singer performs in Swahili and English and is fond of experimenting with the Tanzanian genre Bongo Flava. In a 1970 Newsweek interview, Sesame Street executive producer Dave Connell defended the portrayal, saying, We do black humor, just like Irish humor and Jewish humor. Cooney said in Street Gang, I loved Roosevelt Franklin, but I understood the protestsI wasnt wholly comfortable, but I was amused. Omah Lay caught our attention following the release of his song Bad Influence. Smith's versatile blues encompassed gallows humour (Send Me to the 'Lectric Chair), social commentary (Poor Man's Blues), salty innuendo (Kitchen Man) and lusty good times (Gimme a Pigfoot). by Sarah Richardson 5/3/2019. - The canny mythology of Dolly Parton, - Why Grace Jones is pop's greatest pioneer. Fik Fameica is breaking divisions and connecting with many young people through his music and has already scored collaborations with well known artists from across Africa, including Patoranking, Vanessa Mdee and Joeboy. If you would like to comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Culture, head over to ourFacebookpage or message us onTwitter. Led by Alvin Ailey and a group of young African-American modern dancers, that performance changed forever the perception of American dance. The albums completed his contract with Philadelphia International. Singers Who Introduced the World to the Music of Black America (New This preservationist instinct may have been valid but the assumptions that underpinned it were often paternalistic and segregationist: derived from the singing of slaves, the oral blues was the product of naive, untutored imaginations that would wither on contact with modernity, so they had to be protected, like rare orchids. [12] It was the 35-year-old's first live performance following the accident. Delta blues singers such as Charley Patton, Skip James, Son House and Robert Johnson slotted into the post-war counterculture's worship of untameable outcasts who lived tough, rootless lives a million miles away from bourgeois conformity. He is a consulting producer on the 2021 music documentary, "Summer of Soul. A Boston Globe columnist took a swipe at the show in 1970 for striving not only to teach literacy but to inculcate the Golden Rule, the Beatitudes and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 through the television screen. That same year, Mississippi public television concluded that its viewers were not ready for the portrayal of multiracial harmony on city streets and wouldnt air Sesame Street. Parents successfully petitioned the station to bring it back and invited the shows cast to visit Jackson, Mississippi. We were starting to walk that line between being entertainers and being civil rights advocates. Putting names to archive photos, China looks at reforms to deepen Xi's control, The children left behind in Cuba's mass exodus, In photos: India's disappearing single-screen cinemas. Holiday is one of the most influential jazz musicians of all time and has had an everlasting influence on American music. performed by Counting Crows. He sang with the Edison Mastersingers. Whereas the likes of Ma Rainey travelled to the city to record their music, song collectors moved in the opposite direction, taking their recording devices to the South in order to capture what the leading folklorist John Lomax called "sound-photographs of Negro songs, rendered in their own native element". The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. alfa romeo mito maserati usata; firehouse bakersfield bowling prices; keith winter fife council; cartel's cartel stallion http://www.tennessee.gov/tsla/exhibits/blackhistory/bios/evans.htm. It was also his final Hot 100 charted single, peaking at number 77. Privacy Statement One musician even claimed Rainey and Smith were romantically involved at one point. Prominent Concert Artists: Elizabeth Taylor Greenfield The Black Swan. Sha Sha was listed as one of the top 10 most streamed female artists on Spotify in South Africa in 2020 while her single Tender Love featuring DJ Maphorisa and Kabza De Small was listed as one of the most streamed songs. Mawete also featured on Dadju's album Poison ou Antidote. Item #: WA9602. While the shows move to cable suggests, to some, a diminished commitment to public television as the great equalizer in America society, it also demonstrates the shows capacity to remain viable amidst dramatic changes in the media landscape. In 1977, Pendergrass released his self-titled album, which went platinum on the strength of the disco hit "I Don't Love You Anymore". Not long after, Jesse was stabbed to death on June 13, 1962, during an altercation with another man. It sounded like music from the margins, unloved and misunderstood. ", The explosive popularity of classic blues discs was a democratic revolution. If the roster of celebrity support these early months and years sent too subtle a message, Nina Simone made the shows hidden curriculum explicit, when she joined four black children on the stoop in 1972 and sang, To Be Young, Gifted, and Black., While the cast of Sesame Street today is diverse in almost every respect (even by 1971, Sesame Street took steps to hire more Hispanic performers and talent and later would cast actors with physical disabilities), the on-air talent for the pilot episode was overwhelmingly black, including the principal hosts, Gordon and Susan. Elizabeth Seton opened female academy, Baltimore. One of the group's notable singles was their original version of the Philly soul classic "Don't Leave Me This Way", which turned into a disco smash when Motown artist Thelma Houston released her version in 1976. And if you liked this story,sign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter, called The Essential List. No fewer than three interracial pairs appear in the first six minutes of the pilot, just before the two Muppets appear, and as tempting as one might be to believe Sesame Street is presenting children with another interracial pair, Henson once remarked, The only kids who can identify along racial lines with the Muppets have to be either green or orange., Yet, in its second year, Sesame Street did introduce a Muppet, named Roosevelt Franklin, whom the producers openly acknowledged as black. That double platinum number-one R&B triumph was followed up in 1979 by two successes, the albums Teddy (which stayed at number 1 on the Billboard R&B chart for eight weeks and was named the second-biggest R&B album of the year), and the live release Live Coast to Coast. August Wilson's Rainey calls the blues "life's way of talking". The Cape Verdean singer is currently making waves with her single O Nosso Amor jointly released with Calema as well as the remix of her single Bai with Lisandro. Is Teddy Greene a real person in Godfather of Harlem? Teddy Pendergrass Net Worth in 2021. Frank receives 70 years for conspiracy to distribute narcotics, and all his assets are seized. Andrey knows everything from warm-up to hard workout. Pendergrass kept recording through the 1990s. Teddy Pendergrass. boston college early decision acceptance rate 2025. On the final day of Black History Month, let's celebrate historical African-American leaders in classical music. A century later, however, it's a different story. It was his second (after Live! Rainey was dropped by Paramount in 1928 and returned to the Southern tent circuit, her stolen gold necklace replaced by imitation pearls. Pendergrass tearfully thanked the audience for keeping him in their well-wishes and then performed the Diana Ross song "Reach Out and Touch (Somebody's Hand)". Stone enlisted set designer Charles Rosen to scout locations in Harlem, the Upper West Side and the Bronx as models for the brownstone that would become 123 Sesame Street. Billie Holiday was born in Philadelphia to a teenage couple Sarah Julia "Sadie" Fagan and Clarence Holiday. . For its impact on education and television, the word educators and cultural critics most commonly use to describe Sesame Street is revolutionary. According to Thomas Dorsey, the gospel blues pioneer who used to play in Rainey's band, "It collapsed I dont know what happened to the blues, they seemed to drop it all at once, it just went down.". He proposed to her after four months, and they married in a private ceremony officiated by his pastor, Alyn Waller of Enon Tabernacle Baptist Church, on Easter Sunday, March 23, 2008. Elise (Antoinette Crowe-Legacy) is portrayed as a shoplifting heroin addict and it is revealed that Johnson and his wife Mayme decide to raise Elises daughter, Margaret, as their own, keeping her true lineage a secret from her. He is also leading the pack of new school artists from Nigeria and has worked with American singer and rapper 6lack. lifeguard air ambulance new mexico hassan has plastic surgery hassan has plastic surgery This saw her become one of the most streamed artists in South Africa. This all changed when they landed a recording deal with Philadelphia International Records in 1971, thus beginning Pendergrass's successful collaboration with label founders Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff. On guitar was Clarks future husband, Carlos Alomar, a Puerto Rican native of Harlem who would write Fame with David Bowie and John Lennon and collaborate with Bowie for decades. [25], Pendergrass received five Grammy Award nominations. When a white singer dropped out of a recording session at the last minute, Bradford convinced Hagar to take a chance on Smith, a Cincinnati-born star of the Harlem club scene, and scored a substantial hit. Who is the new host of Dancing with the Stars? We've taken a look at who's innovating in terms of style and sound, as well as who is exploring new genres, to come up with our list of who to watch out for: Elaine is fast claiming her spot as one of the golden R&B voices from the continent. York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2000); United States Freedman Records, It appeared to Watson that the cause of the crash was a mechanical error in the car, and that possibly someone had tampered with the brakes. Why were they then relegated to the sidelines, asks Dorian Lynskey. In the spring of 2006, Pendergrass met Joan Williams. Between 1977 and 1981, Pendergrass landed five consecutive platinum albums, which was a then record-setting number for a rhythm and blues artist. In their eyes, the mechanical reproduction of the blues symbolised the spiritual corruption of black people by cities, factories and commerce in short, the modern age. As a new generation of black female singers broke through in the 1930s Billie Holiday, Ella Fitzgerald, Memphis Minnie some of the first wave sought refuge in other branches of showbusiness. He won the AMA for Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist in 1979, tied with singer Lou Rawls. In the 1920s US, glamorous, funny black female singers were the blues' first and revolutionary hitmakers. The song was originally written for The Dells, but the group passed on it. The singer's youthful Afrobeats and Highlife sound makes his music accessible to people beyond Ghana's borders. Theodore "Ted" Greene (September 26, 1946 July 23, 2005) was an American - Cached . Quitting the troupe just as it was beginning its second tour; Evans left Fisk University and returned to Memphis, Tennessee to make his way in politics. The following list includes African-American singers, composers, rappers, pianists, and other musicians who have contributed to the world of music, including Count Basie, Akon, Natalie Cole, Missy Elliot, Duke Ellington, Aretha Franklin, Michael Jackson, 12. He is mainly involved in weightlifting. Bryan Greene Teddy Greene is, is a composite character who sort of incorporates Frankie Lyons, a popular young musician of the time. Male country blues resonated with rock's singer-songwriters in a way that the classic blues never could. As Jackie Kay puts it in her biography, "These old bluesmen are considered the genuine article while the women are fancy dress." While the main goal of Sesame Street, as it was for the Head Start program, was to level the early-education playing field for disadvantaged, inner-city children, the show has endured because it has been wildly successful at educating preschoolers of all backgrounds. This singer/songwriter has been likened to Vince Gill and has opened for The Spinners, BB King, Teddy Pendergrass, and Harold Melvin and The Blue Notes. They sincerely loved this music but its unpopularity certainly enhanced its mystique, as did the murky sound that came from recording it on cheap equipment and pressing it on cheap plastic. How many deaths are caused by flu each year? This is the best way to find obituaries printed in any US newspaper. Teddy Greene is a character featured in Godfather of Harlem. He was born in Kingstree, South Carolina. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. You couldnt help but laugh at him, the word educators and cultural critics most commonly use to describe Sesame Street, a diminished commitment to public television as the great equalizer in America society, the shows capacity to remain viable amidst dramatic changes in the media landscape. If the surname is found, they can then view the microfilm for the details listed regarding the sex, age and color of the slaves. 38 on the Billboard album chart and was certified Gold by the RIAA. No other cars were involved. January 1, 2013 is the 150th anniversary of the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation. african american singer teddy greene. Melanie Seraphim Born in Los Angeles on September 26, 1946, Greene began his own guitar studies at age 11, and was an accomplished . It included the classic number two R&B hit "Love TKO",[7] the Stephanie Mills duet version of "Feel the Fire" and the Ashford & Simpson composition "Is It Still Good to You". Black Swan, the first black-owned record label, rejected Bessie Smith for being too vulgar, while a leading black newspaper, the Chicago Defender, complained that these "filth furnishers" and "purveyors of putrid puns" were "a hindrance to our standard of respectability and success".
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